Civilization countries whose name changed.

Name-Changing Civilizations

1. Iraq from Mesopotamia
Historical Context: Known as the "Cradle of Civilization," Mesopotamia is situated in what is now Iraq, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Some of the oldest human civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, were based there. The area was renowned for its sophisticated cultures, urbanization, and writing development. The region eventually joined a number of empires, including the Persian Empire and the Islamic Caliphates. During the Sassanid Empire in the sixth century, the word "Iraq" was first used. Following the Ottoman Empire's collapse in the early twentieth century, it was adopted as the official name of the contemporary state.

2. Historical Background of the Indus Valley to Pakistan: One of the first urban cultures in history was the Indus Valley Civilization thriving in what is now Pakistan and northwest India between 2600 and 1900 BCE. The civilization produced early forms of writing, architecture, and social structure and is well-known for its highly developed towns, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The Maurya and Gupta Empires, as well as the Islamic Caliphates, were among the empires and invasions that swept over the area following the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization. After British authority in India ended in 1947, the area became the independent state of Pakistan, a name that represents the new country's Islamic identity.

3. The Roman Empire in Italy
Historical Background: One of the most powerful empires in history, the Roman Empire ruled over most of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East at its height in 117 AD. The city of Rome was the centre of this empire, which had a profound impact on language, architecture, government, and law. The area broke up into different kingdoms and states following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. The contemporary nation

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