Biological pollination in plants

Biological pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma, enabling fertilization and seed production. This fundamental reproductive process occurs through: 

### Core Mechanisms 
1. **Self-Pollination**: Pollen moves within the same flower or plant (e.g., peas, tomatoes). 
2. **Cross-Pollination**: Pollen transfers between genetically distinct plants via vectors: 
  - **Biotic**: Living carriers (bees, birds, bats, butterflies). 
  - **Abiotic**: Non-living forces (wind, water). 

### Evolutionary Adaptations 
- **Flower Morphology**: Co-evolution with pollinators shapes color, scent, nectar guides, and structure (e.g., tube-shaped flowers for hummingbirds). 
- **Pollinator Syndromes**: Traits attracting specific pollinators (e.g., ultraviolet patterns visible to bees). 

### Ecological & Agricultural Impact 
- **Biodiversity**: Supports ~90% of flowering plants and 75% of global food crops. 
- **Threats**: Habitat loss, pesticides, and climate change endanger pollinators, risking ecosystem collapse. 

Pollination sustains genetic diversity and food webs, making its preservation critical for planetary health.