In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers rapidly divided Africa in a process known as the "Scramble for Africa." This division was formalized at the Berlin Conference (1884–1885), during which European nations, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy, agreed to regulate the colonization of Africa. The conference established the "principle of effective occupation," which allowed European countries to claim territories as long as they had a physical presence there, such as military control or administrative institutions. This process occurred without any involvement from African leaders or communities.
The borders drawn at this time were largely artificial and did not take into account the existing political, ethnic, or cultural divisions of African societies. As a result, many ethnic groups were divided among the different colonies, while rival groups were often forced to coexist within the same borders, leading to internal tensions and conflicts. These borders also did not reflect the continent's diversity of kingdoms, tribes, and trade routes, leading to lasting disruptions in African societies.
Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, and Italy were the major colonial powers, each controlling large swaths of territory. For example, Britain controlled areas such as Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, creating strategic trade routes and networks. France had extensive territories in West and Central Africa, particularly in Algeria, Senegal, and Mali. Belgium controlled the Congo, which became known for its brutal exploitation of its resources and population. Portugal maintained control over Angola and Mozambique for a long time, while Italy had colonies such as Libya and Somalia.
When African nations gained independence in the mid-20th century, they inherited these colonial borders. However, these borders often grouped different ethnic and cultural groups together, or separated those of historical origin.
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